Article Overview
If you are new to the world of Environmental, Social, and governance (ESG), you’ll be confronted with a dizzying array of acronyms and terms. CDP, GRI, SASB, and TCFD, are just some of the alphabet soup of names you’ll have to wade through to ensure your ESG performance metrics are collected and disclosed correctly.
As pressure grows for companies to make ESG disclosures in line with their financial disclosures, companies must get up to speed with this quickly evolving nascent field. To help with this, here are a few essential ESG terms, bodies, and frameworks to get acquainted with to streamline your ESG journey.
The ABCs of ESG
Benchmarking
Benchmarking is the practice of measuring and comparing ESG performance with other companies in your sector or geography to understand where your company fits among your competitors. For accurate benchmarking, alignment with ESG frameworks, standards, and measurement methodologies is essential. Learn how to make data-driven decisions with Persefoni's Climate Impact Benchmarking module.
Carbon Footprint
Carbon footprint is an estimate of how much carbon dioxide is produced to support your lifestyle or organization. Essentially, it measures your impact on the climate based on how much carbon dioxide is produced. Factors that contribute to your carbon footprint include your travel methods and general energy usage. Carbon footprints can also be applied on a larger scale, to companies, businesses, and even countries.
Carbon Offsets
Carbon offsets are used to offset the amount of carbon that an individual or institution emits into the atmosphere. Carbon offsets work in a financial system where, instead of reducing its own carbon use, a company can comply with emissions caps by purchasing carbon credits from an independent organization. The organization will then use that money to fund a project that reduces carbon in the atmosphere. An individual can also engage with this system and similarly pay to offset his or her own personal carbon usage instead of, or in addition to, taking direct measures such as driving less or recycling.
Companies or institutions most often use carbon offsets to reduce their carbon footprint without polluting less. Most offsets involve renewable energy. For example, a company in Massachusetts can pay to build a wind turbine off the coast. By using its money to create renewable energy, that company thereby offsets its own carbon use.
CDP - Carbon Disclosure Project
CDP is a not-for-profit charity founded in 2000 that runs the global disclosure system for investors, companies, cities, states, and regions to manage their environmental impacts. CDP offers reports and resources around three focus areas: climate change, water, and forests. Organizations complete a questionnaire and with that information, CDP assigns each a score (A+, B, C, etc.) The scored questionnaire can be exported and shared with key stakeholders. With the world’s most comprehensive collection of self-reported data, the world’s economy looks to CDP as the gold standard of environmental reporting.
Climate
Climate refers to the average weather and patterns measured over a defined period of time, such as a number of years, decades, or centuries. For an analogy, if the weather were individual meals, the climate would be the overall, long-term diet.
CMAP - Climate Management and Accounting Platform
A CMAP is a software platform that simplifies the carbon accounting process, so calculations are done in days rather than months. These platforms utilize codified guidelines like the GHGP and PCAF to calculate carbon emissions and thus deliver solutions based on organizational data. CMAPs allow companies to track their emissions, set carbon reduction targets, measure progress, and benchmark against peers. This means organizations can gauge their emissions reduction progress over time and accurately track their progress toward science-based and net zero commitments using the latest data available. CMAPs are just one of a growing number of ESG software that helps collect and report ESG data.
Consolidation
The combining of GHG emissions data from separate operations that belong to one or a group of companies.
CSR - Corporate Social Responsibility
CSR is a voluntary way for companies to commit to ethical business practices and improve their environmental, economic, and social sustainability. ESG is a way for companies to measure their CSR. This leads us to...
Decarbonization
Decarbonization is the process of reducing or completely eliminating carbon emissions. In this case, we refer to decarbonization when talking about the efforts to lower carbon emissions on a global scale. Total decarbonization requires eliminating the production of carbon and removing carbon currently in the atmosphere.
Emission Factors
GHG emissions are released into the atmosphere through economic activities or processes that emit hydrocarbons. To measure these, a carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e) value is given relative to the activity associated with the release of the GHG; this is known as an emission factor.
Emission factors are how activity data is converted into GHG emissions. The number of activities that necessitate EFs to measure their GHG emissions is huge, these activities include things like fuel combustion, waste landfilling, electricity consumption, vehicle travel, purchased heat and steam, animal agriculture, etc.
EPA - Environmental Protection Agency
An independent executive agency of the United States federal government tasked with environmental protection matters. President Richard Nixon proposed the establishment of the EPA on July 9, 1970. It began operation on December 2, 1970, after Nixon signed an executive order. The EPA publishes emission factor sets that we maintain in the Persefoni platform.
ESG - Environmental, Social, and Governance
ESG are the three overarching pillars through which an organization’s effect on the environment and society can be measured. Initially used as a tool for investors to understand a company's long-term financial performance, ESG is now central to business strategies. It assesses a company's ability to deal with the defining issues of our time, the climate crisis, environmental degradation, social injustice, and inequality.
Financed Emissions
Financed emissions are GHG emissions that are indirectly generated as a result of investments and loans. The GHG Protocol categorizes financed emissions as "investments" in scope 3, category 15. For example, when an investor finances an oil and gas company, they are indirectly supporting that company's operations and subsequent emissions.
As of August 2022, over 300 financial institutions have committed to measure and disclose their emissions in accordance with PCAF's Standard, totaling an estimated $79 trillion in total assets.
Fossil Fuel
Fossil fuel is a generic term for organic material (from decayed plants and animals) that has been exposed to heat and pressure from the earth’s crust for hundreds of millions of years and converted into oil, coal, or natural gasses.
Fugitive Emissions
Emissions that are not physically controlled but result from the intentional or unintentional releases of GHGs. They commonly arise from the production, processing, transmission, storage, and use of fuels and other chemicals, often through joints, seals, packing, gaskets, etc.
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal energy is electricity generated by harnessing hot water or steam from within the earth.
GHG Sink
GHG Sink - or Carbon Sink - is any physical unit or process that stores greenhouse gases. This usually refers to forests and underground or deep sea reservoirs of CO2.
GHG Source
Any physical unit or process that releases GHG into the atmosphere.
GHGP - Greenhouse Gas Protocol
Created in 1997, the GHGP is the original carbon accounting standard. It provides guidelines for organizations to develop greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions inventories. Under the GHGP, all emissions are broken down into three scopes. Scopes 1 and 2 are required to be measured, whereas Scope 3 is currently optional.
- Scope 1 refers to the direct emissions from an organization's operations, including company vehicles and buildings.
- Scope 2 categorizes indirect emissions from purchased electricity, heating, and cooling.
- Scope 3 comprises all other indirect emissions in a company's value chain.
Global Warming
An average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere near the Earth’s surface and in the troposphere can contribute to changes in global climate patterns. Global warming can occur from a variety of causes, both natural and human-induced. In common usage, “global warming” often refers to the warming that can occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities.
Greenwashing
Greenwashing refers to the act of companies portraying a more sustainable, ethical, or “green” image of themselves for marketing purposes. Acts of greenwash occur when a company misinforms or makes unsubstantiated claims for a competitive advantage. Some jurisdictions have begun to legislate to combat greenwash. The EU’s taxonomy regulation is one example of a piece of legislation designed to prevent greenwashing behavior.
GRI - The Global Reporting Initiative
Founded in 1997 following public outcry over the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the GRI created the first global standards for sustainability reporting (the GRI Standards) and is today one of the most commonly used reporting frameworks, helping businesses, governments, and other organizations understand and communicate the impact of companies on critical sustainability issues.
GWP - Global Warming Potential
Each GHG has a GWP which is a factor referring to its heat-trapping ability relative to that of CO2. Because GHGs vary in their ability to trap heat in the atmosphere, some are more harmful to the climate than others. For example, methane is 25 times more potent than CO2, so methane has a GWP of 25.
IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
The IPCC is an intergovernmental body of the United Nations responsible for advancing knowledge on human-induced climate change. It provides policymakers with regular scientific assessments of climate change, its implications, and potential future risks and puts forward adaptation and mitigation options.
ISO 14064
Created in 2006, ISO 14064 is an international standard for measuring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions. The standard is part of the International Standardization Organization environmental management standards and is broken into three parts, each with a different technical approach. Part 1 refers to the guidance of quantifying a greenhouse gas inventory for organizations using a bottom-up data collection approach. Part 2 addresses the quantification and reporting of emissions from individual project activities. Part 3 establishes a process to verify the validity of an organization’s emissions.
The ISO 14064 is continually being developed with new iterations improving and fine-tuning the standard. The ISO 14064 is consistent with and derived from the GHGP. The two documents differ in that the GHGP focuses on the provisions of best practices for making GHG inventories. At the same time, ISO14064 establishes minimum levels of compliance against the GHGP best practices. Although only slightly different, the two standards complement each other.
Kyoto Protocol
An extension of the UNFCCC, the Kyoto Protocol applies to seven greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF3).
While the Convention asks industrialized countries to adopt policies to reduce GHG emissions, the Kyoto Protocol commits nations to take a specific action – limiting and reducing GHG emissions in accordance with agreed-upon individual targets.
Materiality
ESG issues or information are considered material if they need to be accounted for when considering an organization's risks and opportunities. Material issues are those that cannot be ignored when assessing the sustainability of a company. Materiality has now evolved to be a concept of “double materiality.” Double materiality speaks to the fact that ESG issues or information can be material from both financial and non-financial perspectives.
Net Zero
Net zero is a common target for organizations to commit to by 2050 as prescribed by the IPCC. It means to negate the amount of carbon your company emits by withdrawing the same amount of carbon through offsets and having it stored permanently in carbon sinks.
(The) Paris Agreement
The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It aims to limit global warming to well below 1.5°C, compared to pre-industrial levels. The long-term goal is to achieve a climate neutral world by mid-century. The Paris Agreement is a landmark for climate change because, for the first time, a binding agreement was enacted to bring all nations together to combat the climate crisis. It is estimated that in order to achieve the 1.5°C limit, the world will have to cut GHG emissions by 55% by 2030.
PCAF - Partnership for Carbon Accounting Financials
Published in 2020 as a response to industry demand for a global standard, PCAF is a standardized approach to measure and report financed emissions, PCAF was created to add further guidance to the GHGP’s Scope 3, Category 15 (investment activities). The standard provides detailed methodological guidance to measure and disclose GHG emissions associated with six asset classes: Listed equity and corporate bonds, Business loans and unlisted equity, Project finance, Commercial real estate, Mortgages, and Motor vehicle loans.
PCAF Asset Classes
The Standard currently provides guidance for the measurement and disclosure of financed emissions encompassing six asset classes. These current asset classes include:
- Listed equity and corporate bonds: All listed corporate bonds and all listed equity for general corporate purposes (e.g., unknown use of proceeds) that are traded on a market and are on the balance sheet of a financial institution.
- Example: Common stock
- Business loans and unlisted equity: All business loans and equity investments in private companies (e.g., unlisted equity)
- Example: Lines of credit used for capital expenditures
- Project finance: Loans or equity to projects for specific purposes (e.g. with known use of proceeds) that are on the balance sheet of the financial institution.
- Example: Loans used to build a bridge
- Commercial real estate: On-balance sheet loans for the purchase and refinance of commercial real estate (CRE), and on-balance sheet investments in CRE. This implies the properties are used for income-generating activities and commercial activities, such as retail, hotels, office space, industrial, or large multifamily rentals.
- Example: Loans used to purchase a new office building
- Mortgages: On-balance sheet loans for specific consumer purposes (e.g. the purchase and refinance of residential property), including individual homes and multifamily housing with a small number of units. This definition implies that the property is used only for residential purposes and not for income-generating activities.
- Example: Loans for a new house
- Motor vehicle loans: On-balance sheet loans and lines of credit for specific (corporate or consumer) purposes to businesses and consumers that are used to finance one or several motor vehicles. This methodology does not prescribe a specific list of vehicle types falling within this asset class; instead, it leaves it open for financial institutions to decide and define what vehicle types to include in their inventory of financed emissions.
- Example: Loans to purchase a new car
PCAF intends to add more asset classes in the future as the Standard evolves. Soon, it will expand to cover sovereign bonds, green bonds, and insurance.
Physical Risk
A type of risk caused by climate change that refers to the economic costs and financial implications resulting from climate change, such as increasing extreme
weather events, severe climate shifts, and other indirect effects of climate change (e.g. water shortage). An example of a physical risk would be the destruction of real estate, infrastructure, or land during a storm or flood event.
SASB - Sustainability Accounting Standards Board
The SASB is a not-for-profit organization formed to create industry-based standards that help companies identify and disclose financially material sustainability information.
SASB’s standards identify which ESG standards are relevant to 77 industries. SASB defines “sustainability” as corporate activities that amplify or sustain a company’s capacity to create shareholder value in the long term.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) have long been responsible for creating financial accounting and reporting standards. SASB aims to specifically create standards to help companies manage and disclose sustainability information that impacts a company’s enterprise value. It was established to mirror the FASB’s and other financial standards to align with SASB’s goals.
SDG - Sustainable Development Goals
SDGs are 17 interconnected goals for sustainable development set by the UN in 2015—their objective being for these goals to be met by 2030. The 17 goals aim to “provide a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.” While these were originally intended to support Governmental progress, they are now widely used by companies to disclose their sustainability practices.
TCFD - Task Force for Climate-Related Financial Disclosures
Founded in 2017, the TCFD is an industry-agnostic climate-related disclosure framework that established eleven recommendations across four key areas of interest: governance, strategy, risk management, and metrics and targets. The recommendations were designed to help companies provide better-quality data to support informed capital allocation decisions. Unlike CDP, there is no score associated with reporting in line with TCFD, but it is the most commonly considered standard across regulators given the robustness of its considerations.
Transition Risk
A type of risk caused by climate change - is related to the process of transitioning away from reliance on fossil fuels and toward a low-carbon economy, including shifts in climate policy, regulation of certain industries, and global market sentiment. An example of a transition risk would be a carbon tax. The International Monetary Fund recognizes that it is essential to integrate climate change risks into the analysis of financial risks and vulnerabilities.
UNFCCC - United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
Commonly referred to as “The Convention”, the ultimate goal of the UNFCCC was to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations “at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic (meaning human-induced) interference with the climate system. It states that “such a level should be achieved within a timeframe sufficient to allow ecosystems to naturally adapt to climate change, ensuring food production is not threatened and to enable economic development to proceed in a sustainable manner.” Today, Convention membership totals 197 countries. The onus was placed on developed countries to take action and lead the way.
Value Chain Emissions
GHG emissions from the upstream and downstream activities are associated with the full scope of operations (value chain) of the reporting company.
Verification
An independent assessment of the reliability (considering completeness and accuracy) of a GHG inventory.
VRF - Value Reporting Framework
Previously SASB, the VRF was founded in 2011 and is a global nonprofit organization that offers a comprehensive suite of resources designed to help businesses and investors develop a shared understanding of enterprise value—how it is created, preserved, and eroded.
The VRF covers three frameworks:
- The Integrated Thinking Principles guide board and management planning and decision-making.
- The Integrated Reporting Framework provides principles-based, multi-capital guidance for comprehensive corporate reporting.
- The SASB Standards are a powerful tool to inform investor decision-making when embedded in investment tools and processes.
These resources combined offer a comprehensive suite of resources designed to help businesses and investors develop a shared understanding of enterprise value.
